Image forming apparatus and control method therefor

ABSTRACT

This invention provides an image forming apparatus which reduces degradation of the line quality in an output image by a simple method while maintaining the stability of the density characteristics of the output image, and a control method therefor. To accomplish this, in accordance with the amount of change, from a reference density value, of a density value measured from a test pattern image formed on a photosensitive drum, the image forming apparatus according to the invention creates LUT —   2  for correcting a laser output signal value corrected using γ correction LUT —   1 . The image forming apparatus performs γ correction using LUT —   1  and LUT —   2  for developing colors other than a predetermined low-brightness developing color, whereas for the predetermined low-brightness developing color, it performs γ correction using LUT —   1  and laser light amount correction instead of γ correction using LUT —   2.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus and controlmethod therefor.

2. Description of the Related Art

An image forming apparatus is generally known to change the quality ofan output image formed on a printing medium upon a change ofenvironmental conditions such as the temperature and humidity. Anelectrophotographic image forming apparatus is known to change thequality of an output image along with deterioration of consumablesincluding a photosensitive drum, toner cartridge, and toner, and thelike.

Coping with the change of the quality of an output image and adjustingthe quality to a desired characteristic require calibration foradjusting image forming conditions. For example, Japanese PatentLaid-Open No. 2000-238341 discloses a method of generating a lookuptable (LUT) for performing density correction or tone correction (γcorrection) by reading a test pattern image formed on printing paper.According to this method, a reference density value is determined bymeasuring the density of a toner image formed on a photosensitive drumin accordance with a generated LUT. The LUT is then corrected based onthe result of a comparison between the reference density value and adensity value obtained by measuring a toner image formed again on thephotosensitive drum at a predetermined time. The stability of imagedensity characteristics can therefore be maintained for a long term.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 09-146313 discloses a method of executing,as calibrations in an image forming apparatus, maximum densitycorrection and γ correction every time printing is done for apredetermined number of sheets, and also executing line width control toadjust the line width by changing the laser exposure amount. Accordingto this method, γ correction is executed after performing line widthcontrol and maximum density correction in order not to change, by linewidth control and maximum density correction, density characteristicscorrected by γ correction. A light-emitting element and light-receivingelement are arranged to detect a line image or the like formed on animage carrier for line width adjustment. Based on the detection result,line width control is executed.

In γ correction according to Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-238341,when the density of a toner image formed on a photosensitive drum ishigher than the reference density value, the LUT is corrected todecrease a laser output signal value used to perform normal imageformation. In this case, especially when a laser output signal valuecorresponding to high density level is decreased, a character or linemay be disconnected in an output image formed on a printing mediumdepending on the degree of decrease, generating a jaggy. The jaggy ofthe output image stands out particularly when the image is output usinga low-brightness developing material. Although the stability of densitycharacteristics in the output image can be maintained, the quality ofthe output image may degrade due to degradation of the line quality. Toreduce the degradation of the quality of the output image, it isdesirable to appropriately adjust the line width.

However, line width control according to the method in Japanese PatentLaid-Open No. 09-146313 requires a light-emitting element andlight-receiving element to detect an adjustment test pattern imageformed on the image carrier. Hence, additional hardware and processingare needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been made to overcome the conventionaldrawbacks, and provides an image forming apparatus which reducesdegradation of the line quality in an output image by a simple methodwhile maintaining the stability of the density characteristics of theoutput image.

One aspect of the present invention provides an image forming apparatusincluding an image forming unit including an image carrier, an exposureunit that exposes the image carrier in accordance with an image signalto form an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier, and adeveloping unit that develops the electrostatic latent image formed onthe image carrier using a developing material to form a developingmaterial image on the image carrier, and a transfer unit that transfersthe developing material image formed on the image carrier onto printingpaper to form an image on the printing paper, the apparatus comprising:a storage unit that stores correction data used in γ correction forcorrecting density characteristics of an image to be formed on printingpaper by the image forming unit and the transfer unit, and a referencedensity value used when creating modification data for modifying a valueof the image signal corrected using the correction data; a patternforming unit that forms a test pattern image on the image carrier usingthe image forming unit by applying the γ correction using the correctiondata; a measurement unit that measures a density value of the testpattern image formed on the image carrier by the pattern forming unit; acreation unit that creates the modification data in accordance with anamount of density change, from the reference density value stored in thestorage unit, of the density value of the test pattern image that ismeasured by the measurement unit; and a correction unit that, for adeveloping color other than a low-brightness developing color beinglower in brightness than a predetermined value, performs the γcorrection using the correction data and the modification data, and forthe low-brightness developing color, performs the γ correction using thecorrection data and light amount correction for correcting an exposureamount of the exposure unit in accordance with the amount of densitychange.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method forcontrolling an image forming apparatus including an image forming unitincluding an image carrier, an exposure unit that exposes the imagecarrier in accordance with an image signal to form an electrostaticlatent image on the image carrier, and a developing unit that developsthe electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier using adeveloping material to form a developing material image on the imagecarrier, a transfer unit that transfers the developing material imageformed on the image carrier onto printing paper to form an image on theprinting paper, and a storage unit that stores correction data used in γcorrection for correcting density characteristics of an image to beformed on printing paper by the image forming unit and the transferunit, and a reference density value used when creating modification datafor modifying a value of the image signal corrected using the correctiondata, the method comprising: causing a pattern forming unit to form atest pattern image on the image carrier using the image forming unit byapplying the γ correction using the correction data; causing ameasurement unit to measure a density value of the test pattern imageformed on the image carrier in the causing a pattern forming unit toform a test pattern image; causing a creation unit to create themodification data in accordance with an amount of density change, fromthe reference density value stored in the storage unit, of the densityvalue of the test pattern image that is measured in the causing ameasurement unit to measure a density value; and causing a correctionunit to, for a developing color other than a low-brightness developingcolor being lower in brightness than a predetermined value, perform theγ correction using the correction data and the modification data, andfor the low-brightness developing color, perform the γ correction usingthe correction data and light amount correction for correcting anexposure amount of the exposure unit in accordance with the amount ofdensity change.

The present invention can provide an image forming apparatus whichreduces degradation of the line quality in an output image by a simplemethod while maintaining the stability of the density characteristics ofthe output image.

Further features of the present invention will become apparent from thefollowing description of exemplary embodiments (with reference to theattached drawings).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the arrangement of a full-colorcopying apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the control mechanism of thefull-color copying apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a view exemplifying characters respectively formed usingdifferent laser output signal values;

FIG. 4 is a graph conceptually showing the difference between the effectof using γ correction and that of using laser light amount correction asthe second control system;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the procedures of the first control systemaccording to the first embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the procedures of calibration (first andsecond control systems) according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the correction ratio between γ correction andlaser light amount correction in the second control system according tothe first embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of densitychange from a reference density value and the correction amount of thelight amount in laser light amount correction according to the firstembodiment;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the correction ratio between γ correction andlaser light amount correction in the second control system according tothe second embodiment; and

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the procedures of calibration (first andsecond control systems) according to the second embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described belowwith reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodimentsare not intended to limit the invention of the scope of the appendedclaims, and not all combinations of features described in theembodiments are indispensable for the means of solving the problems inthe invention.

First Embodiment

The first embodiment in the present invention will be described. In theembodiment, the present invention is applied to an electrophotographiccolor (multicolor) copying apparatus as an example of an image formingapparatus according to the present invention. However, the image formingapparatus according to the present invention may be a multi-functionperipheral.

<Arrangement of Image Forming Apparatus>

A full-color copying apparatus (to be simply referred to as a “copyingapparatus”) 100 shown in FIG. 1 is an example of the image formingapparatus according to the embodiment. The copying apparatus 100 roughlyincludes an image reading unit (reader unit A) which reads a documentimage and converts it into image data, and an image forming unit(printer unit B) which forms (prints) an image on a printing mediumusing image data. The copying apparatus 100 implements a copy functionof printing an image read by the reader unit A on a printing medium bythe printer unit B. Note that the copying apparatus 100 may have aprinter function of printing, on a printing medium by the printer unitB, image data input from an external apparatus such as a PC via anetwork such as a LAN.

(Reader Unit A)

A light source 103 irradiates, with a laser beam, a document 101 set ona document glass 102 of the reader unit A. A CCD sensor 105 forms thelight reflected by the document 101 into an image via an optical system104. The CCD sensor 105 includes CCD line sensors arranged in threearrays corresponding to red, green, and blue, respectively. A readingoptical system unit made up of the light source 103, optical system 104,and CCD sensor 105 reads the document 101 while moving in a directionindicated by an arrow 151 shown in FIG. 1. The CCD sensor 105 convertsthe image of the document 101 into an electrical signal data string(image signal) for each line.

A positioning member 107 and reference white board 106 are arranged onthe document glass 102. The positioning member 107 makes one side of thedocument 101 abut against it to prevent a skew arrangement of thedocument 101. The reference white board 106 is used to determine thewhite level of the CCD sensor 105 and perform shading correction of theCCD sensor 105 in the thrust direction. An image signal (image data)output from the CCD sensor 105 undergoes image processing by a readerimage processing unit 108, and is sent to a printer control unit 109 inthe printer unit B.

(Printer Unit B)

The printer unit B roughly includes the printer control unit 109 and aprinter engine unit 110. The printer engine unit 110 operates under thecontrol of the printer control unit 109. In the printer engine unit 110,a primary charger 7 uniformly charges the surface of a photosensitivedrum (image carrier) 4 which rotates in a direction indicated by anarrow 152. The printer control unit 109 outputs a pulse signalcorresponding to input image data from a laser driver (27 in FIG. 2) toa laser light source 20. The laser light source 20 formed from asemiconductor laser emits a laser beam corresponding to the input pulsesignal. The laser beam emitted by the laser light source 20 is reflectedby a polygon mirror 1 and mirror 2, scanning the surface of theuniformly charged photosensitive drum 4. In this way, an exposure unitmade up of the laser light source 20, polygon mirror 1, and mirror 2exposes the photosensitive drum 4 in accordance with data input to theprinter unit B as image data of an image to be formed on a printingmedium. As a result, an electrostatic latent image is formed on thesurface of the photosensitive drum 4.

Developing units 3 using two-component toners corresponding to black(Bk), yellow (Y), cyan (C), and magenta (M) are arranged near thephotosensitive drum 4 sequentially from the upstream side in therotational direction. The developing units 3 develop the electrostaticlatent image formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 4 usingdifferent color toners, thereby forming a toner image (developingmaterial image) on the photosensitive drum 4.

Printing paper P serving as an example of the printing medium is woundaround a transfer drum 5 which rotates in a direction indicated by anarrow 153. In this state, the printing paper P rotates a total of fourtimes along with rotation of the transfer drum 5. In every rotation,each developing unit 3 transfers each toner image formed on thephotosensitive drum 4 at the same position on the printing paper P in anoverlapping manner. After the end of transferring respective tonerimages, the printing paper P is separated from the transfer drum 5, andsent to a fixing unit (pair of fixing rollers) 6. The toner imagestransferred on the printing paper P are fixed onto the printing paper Pby the pair of fixing rollers 6. Accordingly, full-color printing on theprinting paper P is completed.

A surface potential sensor 60 for measuring the surface potential of thephotosensitive drum 4, and a cleaner 8 for removing toner left on thephotosensitive drum 4 after transfer are arranged near thephotosensitive drum 4 on the upstream side of the developing units 3.Also, a photosensor 40 is arranged near the photosensitive drum 4, andincludes an LED light source 10 for irradiating, with light, tonerpatches formed on the photosensitive drum 4, and a photodiode 11 fordetecting the reflected light amount.

<Control Mechanism of Image Forming Apparatus>

The control mechanism of the copying apparatus 100 will be explainedwith reference to FIG. 2. The reader image processing unit 108A/D-converts a signal from the CCD sensor 105. The reader imageprocessing unit 108 performs γ correction, color processing, MTFcorrection, and the like, generating an image signal and outputting itto the printer control unit 109 of the printer unit B. The printercontrol unit 109 executes image processing (to be described later) forthe image signal (image data) received from the reader image processingunit 108 of the reader unit A, and outputs the resultant signal to theprinter engine unit 110. A CPU 28 of the printer control unit 109controls the overall printer unit B including the printer control unit109 and printer engine unit 110. The CPU 28 of the printer control unit109 is connected to a memory 30 serving as a nonvolatile storage device.

In the printer control unit 109, a printer image processing unit 25performs color processing, γ correction, and the like for an input imagesignal under the control of the CPU 28, generating a laser output signaland outputting it to a PWM circuit 26. Note that the CPU 28 mainlyexecutes even calibration processing regarding the densitycharacteristics (tone characteristics) of an image to be finally formedon printing paper. A lookup table (density correction characteristics)corresponding to correction data (to be described later) created bycalibration is used to change the γ characteristic of an output in theprinter unit B. The PWM circuit 26 outputs, to a laser driver 27, asignal PWM-modulated using the input laser output signal. The laserdriver 27 causes the laser light source 20 of the printer engine unit110 to emit light in accordance with the input signal. In this manner,the photosensitive drum 4 is exposed in accordance with the laser outputsignal.

For calibration in the present invention, there are two control systems.The first control system is a control system which has a relatively longexecution interval, and execution of which is designated by a servicemanin, for example, installation work or periodic inspection work for theimage forming apparatus. The second control system is a control systemwhich has a relatively short execution interval, and is executed upon,for example, power-on of the image forming apparatus, once a day, orevery printing of a predetermined number of sheets.

In the first control system, the printer unit B transfers and forms, onprinting paper, a test pattern image. The reader unit A reads the testpattern image, and determines the density correction characteristics ofthe printer unit B. The memory 30 holds the density correctioncharacteristics as a lookup table LUT_1. LUT_1 is used to convert animage signal (density signal) from the reader unit A into a laser outputsignal. Further, in the first control system, the toner image of apredetermined test pattern image is formed on the photosensitive drum 4by applying LUT_1, and the photosensor 40 in the printer engine unit 110measures the density of the toner image. The nonvolatile memory 30stores a density value obtained by the measurement. The density valuestored in the memory 30 serves as a target (reference density value) inthe second control system.

In the second control system, the toner image of a predetermined testpattern image is formed on the photosensitive drum 4 by applying LUT_1,and the photosensor 40 measures the density value of the toner image.Further, a modification table LUT_2 for modifying LUT_1 is created basedon the difference between the measured density value and the referencedensity value. LUT_2 is used to maintain the density and tone of animage by reflecting a change of the printer unit B over time in LUT_1.The first control system requires printing paper for creating LUT_1,whereas the second control system does not require printing paper. Also,the second control system need not set printing paper in the reader unitA and read it. In particular, the second control system is executed morefrequently than the first control system. Hence, the burden ofcalibration on the user can be reduced, and the processing time can beshortened.

As calibration of the copying apparatus 100, in addition to the firstcontrol system, the second control system is executed at a time intervalshorter than that of the first control system. Image densitycharacteristics corrected by the first control system can be stablymaintained for a long term. In the second control system, LUT_2 iscreated to decrease the laser output signal value (image signal value)in accordance with the density change amount when the density value of atoner image formed on the photosensitive drum 4 is changed to be higherthan the reference density value. In this case, a character or line maybe disconnected or jagged in an output image formed on printing paperdepending on the degree of decrease in the laser output signal value inLUT_2, degrading the quality of the output image.

FIG. 3 exemplifies characters respectively formed using different laseroutput signal values. In FIGS. 3, 3 a, 3 b, and 3 c represent charactersformed on printing sheets in a 5-pt Times New Roman font using laseroutput signal values of 1023, 900, and 800 each expressed by 10 bits.Image forming conditions are adjusted in advance such that an imagedensity (of an output) corresponding to a reference density level whichdefines a maximum density in the density characteristics of an outputimage, that is, generally corresponding to a density when forming asolid image becomes 1.6. As shown in FIG. 3, as the laser output signalvalue decreases, the line is disconnected much more and the contour ofthe character is jagged. This reveals that, even if the density of anoutput image is controlled to become constant, the quality of acharacter or line may degrade due to a decrease in laser output signalvalue along with calibration.

As an image signal for forming a character or line, an image signal ofhigh density level is generally used. When the second control systemdecreases a laser output signal value corresponding to high densitylevel, the density characteristics of an image finally formed onprinting paper may be maintained, but the character or line qualityreadily degrades. Especially for a character or line, a developing colorwith relatively low brightness, such as black, is often used. Acharacter or line formed using a low-brightness developing color has ahigh contrast with high-brightness printing paper used in general. Forthis reason, degradation of the character or line quality may stand outand attract user attention.

According to the embodiment, to reduce the degradation of the characteror line quality, the second control system uses laser light amountcorrection in addition to tone correction (y correction) using theabove-mentioned LUT_2. In laser light amount correction, the exposureamount (laser power) used when the exposure unit exposes thephotosensitive drum 4 to form an electrostatic latent image on thephotosensitive drum 4 is corrected (adjusted). In the embodiment, when alaser output signal value in a high-density region in application of γcorrection becomes smaller than a predetermined level, the secondcontrol system switches from γ correction to laser light amountcorrection to correct density characteristics. By correcting theexposure amount, the density characteristics of an output image can becorrected without decreasing the laser output signal value. As aconsequence, correction of the density characteristics of an outputimage by the second control system can be implemented without a decreasein laser output signal which may degrade the line quality.

In laser light amount correction, no laser output signal can beindividually corrected for each of low to high density levels, unlike γcorrection. FIG. 4 is a graph conceptually showing the differencebetween the effect of using γ correction and that of using laser lightamount correction as the second control system. The solid line indicatesa density characteristic before correction, and the broken lineindicates one after correction. FIG. 4 shows a case in which the densitycharacteristic of an output image is corrected for the highest densitylevel (image signal level). In this case, as shown in FIG. 4, γcorrection can correct a laser output signal for only a target densitylevel. In contrast, laser light amount correction changes not only thevalue of a laser output corresponding to a target density level, butalso that of even a laser output corresponding to another density level.Hence, correcting a laser output signal of high density level by laserlight amount correction affects even a tone in the half-tone regionother than the high-density-level region, changing the tint of an outputimage.

In general, the human eye has high sensitivity to a change of the tintin the half-tone region. A change of the hue in the half-tone regionespecially attracts user attention. In the half-tone region, the tintcan be adjusted at high precision by γ correction, but it is difficultto adjust the tint in the half-tone region at high precision by laserlight amount correction. As described above, if the densitycharacteristics are to be corrected by laser light amount correction forhigh density level, the tint changes even in the half-tone region.

To prevent this, the embodiment applies laser light amount correctiontargeting high density level to only a developing color lower inbrightness than a predetermined value, such as black. As for thelow-brightness color, the human eye has low sensitivity to a change ofthe tint. Even if laser light amount correction is done, only a changeof the brightness attracts user attention. That is, when laser lightamount correction is performed for the low-brightness color, densitycharacteristics at high density level can be corrected to those capableof reducing degradation of the output image quality withoutsubstantially changing the tint of the output image.

Calibration processing in the embodiment will be explained in moredetail. Calibration by the first control system to determine a referencedensity value to be used in the second control system will be described.Then, calibration by the second control system using the referencedensity value will be explained. Note that LUT_1 and LUT_2 correspondingto correction data and modification data (to be described later) in thefirst and second control systems are created for each of Y, M, C, andBk.

<Calibration by First Control System>

Calibration procedures by the first control system according to theembodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 5. In step S101, theCPU 28 generates a laser output signal for a test pattern image, andoutputs it to the exposure unit of the printer engine unit 110. Theexposure unit of the printer engine unit 110 exposes the photosensitivedrum 4 in accordance with the laser output signal, forming the latentimage of the test pattern image on the photosensitive drum 4. The latentimage formed on the photosensitive drum 4 is developed into a tonerimage, and the toner image is transferred onto printing paper. Thefixing unit 6 fixes the toner image onto the printing paper, and theprinting paper is discharged outside the apparatus. This printing paperwill be called test printed paper.

The test pattern image includes a plurality of patch images different indensity. The test pattern image allows measuring the density value of anoutput image when an image having a plurality of tone levels (densitylevels) is an input image. The test pattern image can be formed from atotal of 4 (columns)×16(rows) gradation patch images corresponding to 64tone levels for each of Y, M, C, and Bk, as disclosed in, for example,Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-238341.Note that the test patternimage may be stored in advance in the memory 30 and used by reading itout by the CPU 28.

The reader unit A reads the test printed paper bearing the test patternimage. In step S102, the CPU 28 acquires the image signal of the testpattern image on the test printed paper from the reader unit A, andmeasures a density value at a predetermined position in each patchimage. For example, the CPU 28 may obtain density values at 16measurement positions from every patch image, average the 16 densityvalues obtained from the respective measurement positions, and use theaverage as the density value of the patch image.

In step S103, based on the correspondence between density valuesmeasured from the respective patch images and laser output signals usedto form the respective patch images, the CPU 28 creates LUT_1corresponding to correction data to be used in γ correction forcorrecting the density characteristics of an image to be formed onprinting paper. For example, LUT_1 is the inverse function of a functionindicating the correspondence between density values at respectivedensity levels and laser output signals. By converting the density of aninput image into a laser output signal based on LUT_1, the densities andtones of the input and output images substantially coincide with eachother. The CPU 28 stores the created LUT_1 in the memory 30. Note thatthe memory 30 is an example of a storage unit.

In step S104 and subsequent steps, a reference density value incalibration by the second control system is determined using LUT_1created in step S103. In step S104, the CPU 28 generates a laser outputsignal for the test pattern image using LUT_1, and outputs it to theexposure unit. The exposure unit forms the latent image of the testpattern image on the photosensitive drum 4 in accordance with the laseroutput signal. The latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 4 isdeveloped into a toner image. However, transfer of the toner image ontoprinting paper is not executed. In step S105, the CPU 28 controls thephotosensor 40 to measure the density value of each patch imagecontained in the toner image formed on the photosensitive drum 4. Instep S106, the CPU 28 stores the measured density value as a referencedensity value in the memory 30.

Finally in step S107, in accordance with the amount of change, from thereference density value stored in the memory 30, of the density valuemeasured for the toner image formed on the photosensitive drum 4, theCPU 28 creates LUT_2 for modifying the density correctioncharacteristics of LUT_1. More specifically, LUT_2 is used asmodification data for modifying an image signal value having undergone γcorrection using LUT_1 in accordance with the amount of change of ameasured density value from the reference density value. Note that LUT_2created in step S107 serves as the initial value of LUT_2 to be created(updated) in the second control system (to be described later). LUT_2determined in the first control system generally has a linearcharacteristic such as y=x. The LUT_1, LUT_2, and reference densityvalue are held in the nonvolatile memory 30, and used for calibration bythe second control system and normal image printing.

<Calibration by Second Control System>

In the embodiment, the second control system executes calibration at apredetermined time after execution of the first control system, asdescribed above. Calibration procedures by the second control systemwill be described with reference to FIG. 6. The embodiment assumes black(Bk) as a low-brightness developing color to which the second controlsystem applies laser light amount correction. However, as for developingcolors other than Bk, a developing color relatively low in brightnessmay undergo laser light amount correction. In particular, at least oneof black (Bk), magenta (M), and cyan (C) can undergo laser light amountcorrection.

In step S201, the CPU 28 executes a series of processes described withreference to FIG. 5 as calibration by the first control system. Thiscalibration by the first control system can be executed at an intervallonger than the execution interval of calibration by the second controlsystem in, for example, installation work of an image forming apparatusor periodic inspection work by a serviceman. When a predeterminedexecution time has come, the CPU 28 executes calibration by the secondcontrol system in step S202 and subsequent steps.

In step S202, the CPU 28 determines whether the predetermined executiontime of the calibration by the second control system has come. Thepredetermined execution time is, for example, at power-on of the imageforming apparatus, once a day, or at every printing of a predeterminednumber of sheets. If the CPU 28 determines in step S202 that thepredetermined execution time has not come, it repeats the determinationprocessing in step S202. If the CPU 28 determines that the predeterminedexecution time has come, it shifts the process to step S203.

In step S203, the CPU 28 applies γ correction using LUT_1 to generate alaser output signal for a test pattern image and output it to theexposure unit. The exposure unit forms the latent image of the testpattern image on the photosensitive drum 4 in accordance with the laseroutput signal. The latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 4 isdeveloped into a toner image. However, transfer of the toner image ontoprinting paper is not executed. In this way, the CPU 28 functions as apattern forming unit.

In step S204, the CPU 28 controls the photosensor 40 to measure thedensity value of each patch image contained in the toner image formed onthe photosensitive drum 4. In step S205, in accordance with the amountof change of the density value measured in step S204 from the referencedensity value stored in the memory 30, the CPU 28 creates (updates)LUT_2 for modifying the density correction characteristics of LUT_1. Asdescribed above, LUT_2 is used as modification data for modifying animage signal value having undergone γ correction using LUT_1 inaccordance with the amount of change of a measured density value fromthe reference density value. Thereafter, the process shifts to stepS206.

In steps S206 and S207, laser light amount correction is used instead ofγ correction using LUT_2 when the character or line quality may degradedue to a decrease in laser output signal value at high density level inthe density correction characteristics based on LUT_1 and LUT_2. In stepS206, the CPU 28 determines whether a laser output signal value (imagesignal value) corresponding to a predetermined high density levelexceeds a predetermined threshold (first threshold) in the densitycorrection characteristics of the low-density developing color (Bk)based on LUT_1 and LUT_2. If the laser output signal value exceeds thefirst threshold (“YES” in step S206), the CPU 28 shifts the process tostep S207. If the laser output signal value is less than or equal to thefirst threshold (“NO” in step S206), the CPU 28 shifts the process tostep S208.

The predetermined high density level in step S206 suffices to be adensity level capable of evaluating degradation of the character or linequality caused by a decrease in laser output signal value. For example,the predetermined high density level suffices to be a density levelserving as a criterion which determines a maximum density in the densitycharacteristics of an output image. In this case, the predetermined highdensity level corresponds to, for example, the above-mentioned imagedensity of 1.6. The first threshold can be determined in advance inaccordance with the specifications of the copying apparatus 100. Morespecifically, the first threshold can be determined by pre-evaluationregarding the presence/absence of a jaggy in an output image when thelaser output signal value is changed. For example, generation/nogeneration of a jaggy in an output image (especially a line portion) isevaluated for a plurality of laser output signal values, and theallowable range of quality degradation is finalized for the laser outputsignal value. Further, the smallest laser output signal value in thefinalized allowable range is determined as the first threshold.

FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the first threshold and switchingbetween γ correction and laser light amount correction. Note that thecorrection ratio R is defined as a ratio at which γ correction is usedwith respect to the Bk density correction characteristic. R=1corresponds to the use of only γ correction, and R=0 corresponds to theuse of only laser light amount correction. In FIG. 7, the firstthreshold is 900. As shown in FIG. 7, if the laser output signal valuecorresponding to the predetermined high density level for Bk fallswithin a range 702 larger than the first threshold (900) (“YES” in stepS206), γ correction is used for the Bk density correction characteristicwithout changing the correction method (step S207). If the laser outputsignal value corresponding to the predetermined high density level forBk falls within a range 701 less than or equal to the predeterminedthreshold (“NO” in step S206), the correction method regarding the Bkdensity correction characteristic is switched from γ correction to laserlight amount correction (step S208).

In step S207, the CPU 28 performs γ correction using LUT_1 created instep S103 and LUT_2 created in step S205 for density adjustment of thelow-brightness developing color (Bk) and even colors (M, C, and Y) otherthan the low-brightness developing color. In other words, the CPU 28does not switch from γ correction to laser light amount correction forBk. In this fashion, the CPU 28 functions as a correction unit.

In step S208, the CPU 28 performs γ correction using LUT_1 created instep S103 for density adjustment of the low-brightness developing color(Bk) in normal image formation. In addition, the CPU 28 adopts laserlight amount correction instead of γ correction using LUT_2 created instep S205. The CPU 28 determines the correction amount of the exposureamount in laser light amount correction based on the amount of densitychange from the reference density value obtained in step S205 for thepredetermined high density level.

The correction amount of the exposure amount in laser light amountcorrection can be determined in advance in correspondence with thedensity change amount in accordance with the specifications of thecopying apparatus 100. More specifically, a correction amount isdetermined for correcting the exposure amount of the laser light source20 to an exposure amount at which the density change amount iscompensated in correspondence with the amount of density change from thereference density value and the density value of an output image takesthe reference density value. FIG. 8 exemplifies the correspondencebetween a density change amount for a predetermined high density leveland the correction amount of the exposure amount in laser light amountcorrection. It suffices to store, in the memory 30 in advance, lightamount correction data containing the correspondence. The CPU 28performs laser light amount correction at a correction amount (ordinateaxis) corresponding to a density change amount (abscissa axis) using thelight amount correction data stored in the memory 30. In FIG. 8, thedensity change amount =0 indicates no change from the reference densityvalue. In this case, the correction amount of the exposure amount =0,and the exposure amount of the laser light source 20 is not corrected.

In step S208, the CPU 28 exposes the photosensitive drum 4 at anexposure amount corrected by the correction amount determined in theabove way for Bk in normal image formation. Also, in normal imageformation, the CPU 28 performs γ correction using LUT_1 created in stepS103 and LUT_2 created in step S205 for colors (M, C, and Y) other thanthe low-brightness developing color. After the processing in step S207or S208, a series of calibration procedures finally ends.

As described above, in accordance with the amount of change, from thereference density value, of a density value measured from a test patternimage formed on the photosensitive drum, the image forming apparatusaccording to the first embodiment creates LUT_2 for correcting a laseroutput signal value corrected using the γ correction LUT_1. The imageforming apparatus executes γ correction using LUT_1 and LUT_2 fordeveloping colors other than a predetermined low-brightness developingcolor. As for the predetermined low-brightness developing color, when alaser output signal value corresponding to a predetermined high densitylevel after γ correction using the two LUTs becomes less than or equalto the first threshold, laser light amount correction is performed inplace of γ correction using LUT_2.

The first embodiment can, therefore, maintain the stability of thedensity characteristics of an output image by applying calibration basedon γ correction using LUT_1 and LUT_2, and calibration based on γcorrection using LUT_1 and laser light amount correction. When a laseroutput signal value corresponding to high density level for alow-brightness developing color may decrease due to calibration, whichis a cause of degradation of the character or line quality, laser lightamount correction can reduce degradation of the character or linequality. Further, degradation of the line quality can be reduced bysimple processing of correcting the exposure amount by laser lightamount correction without applying line width control or the like usingadditional hardware.

Second Embodiment

In the first embodiment, either γ correction or laser light amountcorrection is used for a low-brightness developing color based on thecomparison between a laser output signal value corresponding to apredetermined high density level and the first threshold. In the secondembodiment, the use of γ correction and laser light amount correction isnot selectively switched, but both of them are used in accordance with apredetermined correction ratio in the boundary region of a laser outputsignal value where the character or line quality may degrade. Comparedto the first embodiment, the second embodiment tries to further reducedegradation of the line quality in an output image while maintaining thestability of the density characteristics of the output image. Note thata description of a part common to the first embodiment will not berepeated for descriptive convenience.

FIG. 9 exemplifies the correction ratio R between γ correction and laserlight amount correction in the second control system according to thesecond embodiment. Similar to FIG. 7, the correction ratio R is definedas a ratio at which γ correction is used with respect to the Bk densitycorrection characteristic. R=1 corresponds to the use of only γcorrection, and R=0 corresponds to the use of only laser light amountcorrection. As shown in FIG. 9, both γ correction and laser light amountcorrection are used in accordance with the correction ratio R in theboundary region (range 902 between the first and second thresholds) ofthe laser output signal value where a character or line may be jagged.In FIG. 9, for example, the correction ratio R in the range 902 isdefined as a ratio at which the correction amount by laser light amountcorrection with respect to the correction amount by γ correction andlaser light amount correction increases as the laser output signal valuedecreases. For example, for R=0.4, laser light amount correction isexecuted in accordance with a density change amount obtained bymultiplying the amount of change of a measured density value from thereference density value by R=0.4. Also, γ correction is executed inaccordance with a density change amount obtained by multiplying theamount of change of a measured density value from the reference densityvalue by 1−R=0.6. Note that the first and second thresholds aredetermined by pre-evaluation regarding the presence/absence of a jaggyin an image finally formed on printing paper, similar to the firstthreshold in the first embodiment.

Calibration by the second control system according to the secondembodiment will be explained with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 10.In FIG. 10, the same reference numerals (steps S201 to S208) denote thesame processes as those in the first embodiment (FIG. 6), and adescription thereof will not be repeated as much as possible fordescriptive convenience.

In the second embodiment, the process shifts to determination processingin step S206 after creation of LUT_2 in step S205, similar to the firstembodiment. In steps S206 and S301, a CPU 28 compares a laser outputsignal value corresponding to a predetermined high density level after γcorrection using LUT_1 and LUT_2 with predetermined first and secondthresholds. From the comparison, the CPU 28 determines which of ranges901 to 903 shown in FIG. 9 contains the laser output signal value. Firstin step S206, the CPU 28 determines whether the laser output signalvalue (image signal value) corresponding to the predetermined highdensity level for Bk is larger than the first threshold. If the laseroutput signal value is larger than the first threshold (“YES” in stepS206), the CPU 28 shifts the process to step S207. In step S207, the CPU28 performs γ correction using LUT_1 and LUT_2 for all the developingcolors without switching to laser light amount correction in normalimage formation, similar to the first embodiment. If the CPU 28determines in step S206 that the laser output signal value is less thanor equal to the first threshold (“NO” in step S206), it shifts theprocess to step S301.

In step S301, the CPU 28 determines whether the laser output signalvalue corresponding to the predetermined high density level for Bk islarger than the second threshold. If the laser output signal value islarger than the second threshold (“YES” in step S301), the CPU 28determines that the laser output signal value falls within the range 902of FIG. 9, and shifts the process to step S302. If the CPU 28 determinesin step S301 that the laser output signal value corresponding to thepredetermined high density level for Bk is less than or equal to thesecond threshold (“NO” in step S301), it shifts the process to stepS208. In step S208, for density adjustment of Bk in normal imageformation, the CPU 28 performs γ correction using LUT_1, and adoptslaser light amount correction instead of γ correction using LUT_2,similar to the first embodiment.

In step S302, for density adjustment of Bk in normal image formation,the CPU 28 executes γ correction using LUT_1, and also performs both γcorrection using LUT_2 and laser light amount correction in accordancewith the correction ratio R corresponding to the laser output signalvalue, as described above. As for developing colors (M, C, and Y) otherthan Bk, the CPU 28 performs γ correction using LUT_1 and LUT_2. Afterthat, a series of calibration procedures according to the secondembodiment ends.

As described above, the image forming apparatus according to the secondembodiment uses both γ correction and laser light amount correction inthe boundary region of a laser output signal value where the characteror line quality may degrade. In this fashion, the second embodiment canuse both γ correction and laser light amount correction at a ratiocorresponding to the degree of degradation of the character or linequality in the boundary region. Compared to the first embodiment, thesecond embodiment can further reduce degradation of the character orline quality in an output image while maintaining the stability of thedensity characteristics of the output image.

While the present invention has been described with reference toexemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is notlimited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of thefollowing claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as toencompass all such modifications and equivalent structures andfunctions.

This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No.2010-112665, filed May 14, 2010, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

1. An image forming apparatus including an image forming unit includingan image carrier, an exposure unit that exposes the image carrier inaccordance with an image signal to form an electrostatic latent image onthe image carrier, and a developing unit that develops the electrostaticlatent image formed on the image carrier using a developing material toform a developing material image on the image carrier, and a transferunit that transfers the developing material image formed on the imagecarrier onto printing paper to form an image on the printing paper, theapparatus comprising: a storage unit that stores correction data used inγ correction for correcting density characteristics of an image to beformed on printing paper by the image forming unit and the transferunit, and a reference density value used when creating modification datafor modifying a value of the image signal corrected using the correctiondata; a pattern forming unit that forms a test pattern image on theimage carrier using the image forming unit by applying the γ correctionusing the correction data; a measurement unit that measures a densityvalue of the test pattern image formed on the image carrier by saidpattern forming unit; a creation unit that creates the modification datain accordance with an amount of density change, from the referencedensity value stored in said storage unit, of the density value of thetest pattern image that is measured by said measurement unit; and acorrection unit that, for a developing color other than a low-brightnessdeveloping color being lower in brightness than a predetermined value,performs the γ correction using the correction data and the modificationdata, and for the low-brightness developing color, performs the γcorrection using the correction data and light amount correction forcorrecting an exposure amount of the exposure unit in accordance withthe amount of density change.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1,further comprising a determination unit that, when the γ correctionusing the correction data and the modification data is performed for thelow-brightness developing color, determines whether the value of thecorrected image signal corresponding to a predetermined density levelserving as a criterion which determines a maximum density in the densitycharacteristics exceeds a first threshold, wherein when saiddetermination unit determines that the value of the corrected imagesignal corresponding to the predetermined density level exceeds thefirst threshold, said correction unit performs the γ correction usingthe correction data and the modification data for the low-brightnessdeveloping color, and when said determination unit determines that thevalue of the corrected image signal corresponding to the predetermineddensity level does not exceed the first threshold, said correction unitperforms the γ correction using the correction data and the light amountcorrection for the low-brightness developing color.
 3. The apparatusaccording to claim 2, wherein for the low-brightness developing color,when said determination unit determines that the value of the imagesignal corresponding to the predetermined density level after the γcorrection using the correction data and the modification data does notexceed the first threshold, said determination unit further determineswhether the value corresponding to the predetermined density levelexceeds a second threshold smaller than the first threshold, when saiddetermination unit determines that the value of the corrected imagesignal corresponding to the predetermined density level does not exceedthe first threshold and exceeds the second threshold, said correctionunit, for the low-brightness developing color, performs the γ correctionusing the correction data and uses both the γ correction using themodification data and the light amount correction at a predeterminedcorrection ratio, and when said determination unit determines that thevalue of the corrected image signal corresponding to the predetermineddensity level does not exceed the second threshold, said correction unitperforms the γ correction using the correction data and the light amountcorrection for the low-brightness developing color.
 4. The apparatusaccording to claim 3, wherein the predetermined correction ratio is aratio at which a correction amount by the light amount correction of acorrection amount by the γ correction and the light amount correctionincreases as the value of the image signal decreases when saiddetermination unit determines that the value of the corrected imagesignal corresponding to the predetermined density level does not exceedthe first threshold and exceeds the second threshold, and saidcorrection unit includes an adjustment unit that adjusts a correctionamount of the γ correction and a correction amount of the light amountcorrection in accordance with the predetermined correction ratio whensaid determination unit determines that the value of the corrected imagesignal corresponding to the predetermined density level does not exceedthe first threshold and exceeds the second threshold.
 5. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said storage unit further stores lightamount correction data which makes the amount of density change and acorrection amount of the exposure amount in the light amount correctioncorrespond to each other, and when performing the light amountcorrection, said correction unit performs the light amount correction bythe correction amount of the exposure amount corresponding to the amountof density change using the light amount correction data stored in saidstorage unit.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the firstthreshold and the second threshold are determined by pre-evaluationregarding presence/absence of a jaggy in an image formed on printingpaper by the image forming unit and the transfer unit when the value ofthe image signal corresponding to the predetermined density level ischanged.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein thelow-brightness developing color is at least one of black, magenta, andcyan.
 8. A method for controlling an image forming apparatus includingan image forming unit including an image carrier, an exposure unit thatexposes the image carrier in accordance with an image signal to form anelectrostatic latent image on the image carrier, and a developing unitthat develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrierusing a developing material to form a developing material image on theimage carrier, a transfer unit that transfers the developing materialimage formed on the image carrier onto printing paper to form an imageon the printing paper, and a storage unit that stores correction dataused in γ correction for correcting density characteristics of an imageto be formed on printing paper by the image forming unit and thetransfer unit, and a reference density value used when creatingmodification data for modifying a value of the image signal correctedusing the correction data, the method comprising: causing a patternforming unit to form a test pattern image on the image carrier using theimage forming unit by applying the γ correction using the correctiondata; causing a measurement unit to measure a density value of the testpattern image formed on the image carrier in the causing a patternforming unit to form a test pattern image; causing a creation unit tocreate the modification data in accordance with an amount of densitychange, from the reference density value stored in the storage unit, ofthe density value of the test pattern image that is measured in thecausing a measurement unit to measure a density value; and causing acorrection unit to, for a developing color other than a low-brightnessdeveloping color being lower in brightness than a predetermined value,perform the γ correction using the correction data and the modificationdata, and for the low-brightness developing color, perform the γcorrection using the correction data and light amount correction forcorrecting an exposure amount of the exposure unit in accordance withthe amount of density change.